4th Quarter Social Studies Notes

January 11
Congress of Vienna (1814)
- Called for the signing of the Treaty of Paris
- Ended the Napoleonic Wars
- Effects:
- New territories had to be drawn up after the war
- The territories are Russia, Austria, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony (both free German states)
- Now, Austria was the new superpower, no longer France



January 12 (Celine's Birthday! )
European Nationalism
Italy - 1820; Carbonari members staged a revolt against King Ferdinand I (of Naples)
- the revolt failed as other nations helped Ferdinand suppress it
- 1861; mainland Italy reunited with the island Sardania under King Victor Emmanuel
Greece - used to be under the Ottoman Turks, as Greece was right next door to them, and easy to invade
- revolted against the Turks in 1821
- Russia, Britain, and France intervened in 1827 and helped the revolt, pwning the Turks
- 1829; Greece gets its own king (who happened to be a German)

Asian Nationalism
India - Sepoy Rebellion (1857 - 1858)
- the Sepoys were Indian natives enlisted by the British to join their army to fight other Indian princes, or aid in campaigns in Burma.
- the Sepoys revolted because cow and pig oil (or fat) was being used to oil their guns. It was just too much of an insult for them. Being Buddhist or Muslim, using the by byproducts of these sacred and untouchable animals went against their religion.
China - Taiping (太平) Rebellion (1850 - 1864): more of a civil war where Hong Xiu Quan, a Christian convert, staged a revolt against the ruling Manchu Dynasty. The Manchus eventually suppressed the revolt with help from the French and the British.
- Boxer Rebellion (1898 - 1901): an uprising against foreigners, inspired by the Empress Dowager Ci Xi. The Righteous Harmony Fists, unarmed or lightly armed, attacked foreign embassies until 8 different nations wiped them all out.
Philippines - The Philippine Revolution (1896): yeah, the one we all know. The KKK, Rizal, La Solidaridad, our heroes.




January 13
WW1

The Rivals:
1. Central Powers - Germany and Austria-Hungary
2. Allies - France, Russia and England
- a.k.a. The Triple Entente; originally France and Russia in 1893. England joins in 1904

Tensions Rise:
- Germany emerges as an economic and military powerhouse, felt other nations didn't respect it enough
- Germany tries to take France's territories in Morocco
- militarism, esp. in England (building up armies and navies)
- Agressive nationalism:
a. Germany proud of current status
b. France bitter of loss of Alsace and Lorraine
c. Russia promoted Pan-Slavism - assumed state of "big-brother" protecting all ethnic Serbs and Slavs (including those in Austria-Hungary)
d. Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Turks feared losing land to ethnic uprirings
e. Balkan wars

THE WAR
- Starts with the assassination of Francis Ferdinand (the arch-duke of Austria-Hungary) in Saravejo, June 28, 1914. Saravejo is the capital of Bosnia, an Austrian-controlled Serbian zone.
- Assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a memeber of the Black Hand.
- Francis Joseph, the current king of Austria-Hungary, was hesitant to retaliate.
- Kaizer William II of Germany urged retaliation and promised unconditional aid with a blank check.
- After issuing an ultimatum to the Serbs and receiving a partial refusal, the Austrian+German army attacked on July 28, 1914.



January 14
The Alliances

Central Powers:
- Germany
- Austria-Hungary

Allies:
- Russia
- England
- France
- Serbia (allied with Russia ONLY, as Russia is seen as their protector)

Neutral: Belgium (they signed a treaty to avoid war, but Germany still invaded)

Germany was now at war with France to their south-west, and with Russia on the other side.
This was known as the "war on two fronts". To win it, Gen. Alfred von Schlieffen of Germany proposed a battle plan where in they would attack France first, as Russia was slow at mobilizing its forces.

To swiftly defeat France, they planned to encircle it, but it meant passing through neutral Belgium.
They did so, anyway, on August 3. This angered the English, and brought them into battle alongside their allies, France and Russia.

Technology of Modern Warfare:
- rapid-fire machine guns
- long-range artillery
- tanks, submarines, blimps (airships called Zepplins used by the Germans for bombing), and planes.
- poison gasses (included chlorine, and the dreaded mustard seed gas)
- trench-warfare (fighting on the front-lines in trenches, which shielded soldiers from enemy fire)



January 18
The World at War

In 1915:
- Romania joined the Allies
- Bulgaria joined Central Powers
- Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary

---

- Ottoman Turks join the Central Powers
- Japan attacks German territories in China and the Pacific
- British and Belgian colonies in Africa attack Germany's colony (so is Belgium still neutral?)
- British forces now include soldiers from India, Australia and New Zealand

Conscription a.k.a "the draft"
- required all young men to join the war
- Those unable to had to be employed to manufacture ammo and equipment

US and WWI
- US was neutral, at first, but her ships headed to Europe were sunk continuously by German subs.
- They joined the war upon realizing that Germany, in the person of Arthur Zimmerman, tried to draw Mexico into the war, promising it the states of Texas ans Arizona.
- This is when the US started to feel they had the power to wage "the war to end all wars".

Total War - All a nation's resources go into the costs of war. Money, materials and labor

The Climax
- Germans launch a huge offensive in March 1918 to do as much as they can before the US troops arrive
- Allied forces are pushed back over 40 miles thanks to the German storm-troopers
- But in September 1918, the US troops arrive, pushing Germans back 2 whole countries
- Ottoman Turks and Bulgaria already surrender and ask for armistice (peace)
- At 11 AM, 11/11/1918, a cease fire is called
- US president Woodrow Wilson brings up 14 points, including:
- freedom overseas, free trade, large-scale reductions of arms, ending secret treaties.

THE END (of WWI, at least)!



January 19
Notes on the Video
(These are my personal notes. Any discrepancies, you choose to take them, or not)
(anything in "quotation marks" mean the info is a direct quote)

Karl Boehm Tettelbach
- met Hitler in his tea house on the Bavarian mountains
- worked with the German Ministry of Defense prior to meeting Hitler
- "Hitler loved humor films,"
- "(Hitler was) very friendly and charming as a host"
- "(I was) predisposed to admire Hitler"
- posted at the Wolf's Lair (Nazi's secret base) and witnessed the attempted assassination
- didn't like Hitler, but more of "respected" him
- if he had been told of the assassination plot of Col. Stauffenberg, he would have told on them because he didn't want to betray Hitler, and he feared for his own life
- "Hitler was a horrible, horrible man when he died."

Reinhard Spitzy
- saw Germany's unification with Austria as a "dream" (come true? - I didn't hear it, though)
- felt sorry for the persecuted Jews, but not the Eastern (German) Jews
- his opinion of Hitler in 1943 was no longer "noble"
- if Hitler came back to life, and at Spitzy's door, Spitzy would say:
"My God, my Fuhrer, what in Lord's name have you done? .... But come, I will hide you away in some mountain resort
- justification: Hitler was a brilliant man, so his crimes did not matter (quoted by the host)

Ulrich de Maiziere
- called Hitler:
- "a demonic power", "mentally ill", "an abundance of criminal energy"
- "(Hitler felt that) Germany would not survive without his presence"


The host asked what made the Germans keep fighting, even in the face of defeat.
- personality of Hitler (said by many people)
- fear of revenge from Stalin's (Russia) Red Army (said by the host)



January 20
Key Elements of the Nazi Ideology

- Nazi="Nationalist Socialist Program"
- strong show of local culture

Racism:
- especially anti-Semitism (Semites=Jews) which eventually culminated in the Holocaust
- creation of a Herrenrasse (Master Race; Lebensborn=Born in Germany)
- Fountain of Life (sorry, not so clear on what that one is.../ literal translation of Lebensborn)
- anti-Slavism
- belief in a superior White/Nordic/Aryan/German race (those with blue eyes and blond hair; of which Hitler wasn't one of)
- Social Darwinism
- Euthanasia and Eugenics (mercy/painless killing) in respect to "racial hygiene" (cleansing themselves of "the dirty Jews")
- Defense of Blood and Soil (Blut un Boden), represented by the red and black of their flag, the swaztika (which happens to be a holy Buddhist symbol)
- Lebensraumpolitik & Lebensraum im Osten (more land for us Germans!)
- creations of the Untermensch and the Ubermensch (sub-human and superhumans, respectively)
- creation of sub/superhuman race came from F. Nitchze's theory that God was dead, so you now needed a superior race to rule in replacement

- anti-Marxism, anti-Communism, anti-Bolshevism (the Bolsheviks were followers of Vladmir Lenin; a Russian)
- rejection of Democracy (end of political parties, work unions and free press)
- related to Fascism (a political ideology combining radical and authoritarian nationalism)

From the book "My Struggle" (Mien Kampf)
- Hitler based his theories from what he saw on the politics and practices in Austria-Hungary (his homeland)
- believed that cultural and linguistic diversity weakened a nation
- saw democracy as a destabilizing force
- "Great nations grow from military power"
- felt that such "great" (literally) nations came from naturally "rational, civilized cultures"
- felt that if a nation couldn't defend itself, it didn't deserve its territories



January 21
Notes on the Video
(These are my personal notes. Any discrepancies, you choose to take them, or not)
(anything in "quotation marks" mean the info is a direct quote)

Wolfgang Horn
- a soldier fighting against the Russians
- found Hitler "pale and insignificant"
- didn't find him (Hitler) a "man to die for"
- but he (Horn) was a German, and so fought for his nation
- felt that Hitler had effectively divided Europe into 3 parts: Europe A (Germany and France), B (Poland and other states like Latvia), and C (Russia)
- felt that those of Europe B and C had a sub-standard lifestyle
- "Why did they live that way? They were lazy." (probably the same way how Spaniards thought of us as "uncivilized")
- participated in the persecution of innocent Russian citizens
- "I had the honor(s); I spread the gas, lighted the straw, and set the house on fire"
- though he felt destroying houses was "crazy", "we would do this to one village, then move on to the next."
- Is he even slightly ashamed of his actions? "Not really."

Walter Schaefer-Kennart (not sure of the spelling)
- an infantry officer against the Russians, then against the US
- "it was professionalism"
- fighting the Russians was different than fighting the French or English
- in one battle, he was forced to retreat and leave his wounded comrades behind. When he got back, they were all dead, strewn around the battleground.
- Surrender to the Russians? "Me? Surrender to the Russians? Haha, never!"
- when fighting the US troops, said: "you were dealing with civilized people"
- what he felt he suffered most after the war was, being the former commander of a battalion, taking the responsibility of the condition of over 600 US prisoners


Quoted by host Laurence Rees:
- as said by a commander: "The Fuhrer (leader, which is Hitler) says we must win the war, whether by right or wrong."
- persecution of the Russians was one of the least publicized war atrocities
- in the end, there were 400,000 English casualties, 27,000,000 Russian casualties


January 26
Notes on Schindler's List

- September, 1939 - Germany takes out Poland in 2 weeks
- Jews must register all family members; 10,000+ arrive in Krakow, Poland for registration
- Judenrat (j pronounced as h): council of 24 elected Jews who are personally responsible for carrying out orders issued by the regime in Krakow; place for Jews to lodge complaints
- February 20, 1940 - deadline for entering the Ghetto


February 2

Changes after WW1:
- movies and radio
- the Roaring 20's (jazz and nightclubs)
- rejected rule of the Victorian Age
- flappers, bloomers, moral breakdown, literature of the inner mind
- Harlem Renaissance, Pablo Picasso
- Fascism and Totalitarianism in Europe

Russian Civil War
- Lenin signs peace treaty with Germany, giving it land and manpower
- Reds (Communist) vs. Whites (Menshivists, royalists, etc...)
- Allies intervene, Reds win in 1920, Lenin passes away in 1924


February 3

Vladimir Lenin
- first leader/head of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
- tried to overthrow the old government; started the Socialist Democratic Party
- was Communist/Marxist, and wanted a redistribution of the government's wealth
- November 1917, he and his supporters (the Bolsheviks) took over the Kremlin (government's HQs)
- wanted a proletarian (Marxist term for the middle-class)-socialist state

Stalin vs. Trotsky
- the shrewd politician vs. the scholar and (as Teacher said) "Marxist to the bone" guy
- Lenin didn't want Stalin to rule
- But Stalin got his way, and had Trotsky murdered in Mexico

Stalin's Rule
- ruthlessly installed his dictatorship murdering political rivals
- aggressive agricultural and industrial programs
- Iron Curtain of the 30's


February 4

Roaring 20's:

A. Jazz
- Afro-American, mostly about improvisation, at nightclubs
- based largely in New Orleans, Harlem; famous guys were Louis Armstrong, and Duke Ellington; made use of the trumpet, cornet and violin

B. Flappers and Bloomers
- Amelia Bloomer: feminist encouraging women to abandon their numerous petticoats, and wear bloomers - long, loose shorts - instead.
- (flappers) got the name from the sound of a woman's slippers which was like a bird flapping its wings

C. Literature
- Loss of faith: T.S. Elliot; "The Wasteland"
- Literature of the inner mind: Virginia Woolf, and her "stream of consciousness" (where you write ideas as they come into your head)

D. Harlem Renaissance
- based in New York, the New Negro Movement (of Afro-American literature and art)
- expressed heritage and culture

E. Pablo Picasso
- painter who pioneered cubism (using simple shapes to form pictures); abstract


Picasso: Three Musicians



February 5

Stalin's 5 Year Plans
- turn Russia into an industrialized, modern nation
- why? To defend better against foreign enemies
- forced labor and collectivization (merging individual properties, esp. farms)
- command economy (gov't. controlled); opposite of free trade
- exports boom, even triple

The Gulag
- USSR prison/ labor camp
- (Teacher's equation) forced labor + cold climate + small food rations = DEATH
- place where all opposition went, even old Bolsheviks and war heroes

The Great Purge
- 1934 (though other sources count it as 1936-38)
- public executions and mock trials

Propaganda
- boost morale and faith towards the Communist system
- censorship; all art, literature, and press (the news) had to promote Communism and Stalin

Russification
- culture becomes more Russian
- imposed on USSR's satellite states

War on Religion
- promoted atheism (no God or higher being)
- take down all religions in Russia

Comintern
- "Communist International"
- 1919, aimed to create an international Soviet Republic (something like a world-wide revolution)



February 8

The Third Reich
- first was the Holy Roman Empire, second was in 1871 (German Empire, under the Bismarks)
- Germany under the government of Adolf Hitler; 1933-45

Mien Kampf
- "My Struggle" by Hitler
- expressed extreme nationalism, anti-communism, anti-semitism (anti-Jew), and anti-Bolshevism

Gestapo
- official Nazi police
- imprisoned without judicial proceedings
- worked alongside the S.S. (elite police), and the Krimpo (criminal police)

Nuremberg Laws
- (a city in SE Germany) 1935
- official meeting place of political parties
- where they came up with the anti-Jew laws

Night of Broken Glass
- November 7, 1938; Jews shot a German officer in Paris
- Hitler retaliated from November 9-10, attacking Jewish settlements



February 9

Appeasement
- strategy adopted by the Allies in response to Hitler's acts of aggression
- give in to Hitler's wishes, try to strike bargains
- wanted to avoid yet another war

Neutrality Acts (of the US)
1. No selling of weapons to warring states
2. No lending money to warring states
3. No riding on transportation of warring states NO MATTER WHAT

Nazi-Soviet Pact
- August 1939, plunges Europe into war
- PUBLICLY, they agreed to have peace with each other
- BUT SECRETLY, they would both have peace, as long as they got a fair share each of Poland and the rest of east Europe (which they were planning to invade)

Blitzkrieg - "lightning war", speedy air and tank attacks



February 26

War in the Pacific
December 7, 1941 - Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; also attack the Philippines, Wake Island, Guam, Malaya, Thailand, Shanghai and Midway.
December 8, 1941 - U.S. and Britain declare war on Japan. Japanese land near Singapore and enter Thailand.
December 9, 1941 - China declares war on Japan.
December 10, 1941 - Japanese invade the Philippines and also seize Guam.
December 11, 1941 - Japanese invade Burma.
December 15, 1941 - First Japanese merchant ship sunk by a U.S. submarine.
December 16, 1941 - Japanese invade British Borneo.
December 18, 1941 - Japanese invade Hong Kong.
December 22, 1941 - Japanese invade Luzon in the Philippines.
December 23, 1941 - General Douglas MacArthur begins a withdrawal from Manila to Bataan; Japanese take Wake Island.
December 25, 1941 - British surrender at Hong Kong.
December 26, 1941 - Manila declared an open city.
December 27, 1941 - Japanese bomb Manila.


January 2, 1942 - Manila and U.S. Naval base at Cavite captured by the Japanese.
January 7, 1942 - Japanese attack Bataan in the Philippines.
January 18, 1942 - German-Japanese-Italian military agreement signed in Berlin.
January 27, 1942 - First Japanese warship sunk by a U.S. submarine.
January 30/31 - The British withdraw into Singapore. The siege of Singapore then begins.

January 2, 1943 - Allies take Buna in New Guinea.
January 22, 1943 - Allies defeat Japanese at Sanananda on New Guinea.
March 2-4 - U.S. victory over Japanese in the Battle of Bismarck Sea.
April 18, 1943 - U.S. code breakers pinpoint the location of Japanese Admiral Yamamoto flying in a Japanese bomber near Bougainville in the Solomon Islands. Eighteen P-38 fighters then locate and shoot down Yamamoto.
June 1, 1943 - U.S. begins submarine warfare against Japanese shipping.
June 21, 1943 - Allies advance to New Georgia, Solomon Islands.



January 9, 1944 - British and Indian troops recapture Maungdaw in Burma.
January 31, 1944 - U.S. Troops invade Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands.
July 19, 1944 - U.S. Marines invade Guam in the Marianas.
October 11, 1944 - U.S. Air raids against Okinawa.
December 15, 1944 - U.S. Troops invade Mindoro in the Philippines.


February 16, 1945 - U.S. Troops recapture Bataan in the Philippines.
March 2, 1945 - U.S. airborne troops recapture Corregidor in the Philippines.
March 3, 1945 - U.S. And Filipino troops take Manila.
May 8, 1945 - Victory in Europe Day.
May 20, 1945 - Japanese begin withdrawal from China.
August 6, 1945 - First Atomic Bomb dropped on Hiroshima from a B-29 flown by Col. Paul Tibbets.
August 8, 1945 - U.S.S.R. declares war on Japan then invades Manchuria.
August 14, 1945 - Japanese accept unconditional surrender; Gen. MacArthur is appointed to head the occupation forces in Japan.
August 30, 1945 - The British reoccupy Hong Kong.
September 2, 1945 - Formal Japanese surrender ceremony on board the MISSOURI in Tokyo Bay as 1,000 carrier-based planes fly overhead; President Truman declares VJ Day.
September 3, 1945 - The Japanese commander in the Philippines, Gen. Yamashita, surrenders to Gen. Wainwright at Baguio.
September 4, 1945 - Japanese troops on Wake Island surrender.
September 5, 1945 - British land in Singapore.
September 8, 1945 - MacArthur enters Tokyo.
September 9, 1945 - Japanese in Korea surrender.
September 13, 1945 - Japanese in Burma surrender.
October 24, 1945 - United Nations is born.



February 17

United Nations
-term coined by Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR), first used by "Declaration by United Nations" on January 1, 1942
- 26 nations vs. Axis Powers
- forerunner: League of Nations (1919, Treaty of Versailles, aimed to promote international peace, cooperation, and security)
- official start was October 24, 1945; 45 different reps. met at San Francisco

Lend Lease Act
- (FDR, 1941) as long as US interests are protected, provide arms to warring nations

Atlantic Charter
- (FDR and Churchill, 1941) people of a nation have the right to choose their own political system
- no more fascism and Nazism



February 18

The Cold War
- 1945-91; US vs. USSR; got name from the expression "cold shoulder"
- both sides never engaged in direct combat, but fought through words and proxy wars
- by 1950's, both had stockpiled lots of nuclear weapons, including the H-bomb in 1953
- US formed the North Atlantic Treaty Org. (NATO), and USSR formed the Warsaw Pact
- Iron Wall: cutting off the Democratic West from the Communist East
- Berlin Wall (1961): built by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) that completely enclosed the city of West Berlin, separating it from East Germany, including East Berlin
- Imre Nagy (pronounced najh): Hungarian revolutionary, Alexander Dubcek: Czechkoslovak revolutionary who started the "Prague Spring"
- Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT, 1961); Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT, 1968); Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START, 1991) both aimed to curb the stockpiling of nuclear arms
- Era of Detente: relaxation of tensions (1970-79)



February 25

Events leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis
- Southeast Asian Treaty Org. (SEATO, 1955): created for stronger alliances against the Soviets; composed of England, France, Australia, Philippines, Thailand, New Zealand, and South Korea
- Soviet Bloc: China, North Korea and some African nations

Cuban Revolution
- 1950's, Fidel Castro staged a successful armed rebellion in '59.
- US became afraid of the new Communist nation (only 90 miles away from Florida)

Bay of Pigs Invasion
- Pres. John Fitzgerald Kennedy (JFK) supported an invasion of Cuba by Cubans who escaped to US during the revolution (1961)
- EPIC FAIL
- so instead, US set up a trade embargo - Cuban stuff illegal in US, and US product illegal in Cuba.

Cuban Missile Crisis
- Soviet nuclear missiles were found in Cuba
- US set up a naval blockade around Cuba to stop more missiles coming in
- JFK (though he was game to try another invasion) spoke with USSR premier Nikita Khrushchev, and finally, the Cuban missiles were removed, on the condition that US nuclear missiles in Turkey and Italy were also taken out.
- came very close to nuclear war (a Soviet sub almost shot a US ship with a nuclear torpedo)

Globalization
- economic aspect: freer and faster movement of manpower, capital investments, technological capital, and currency.
- political aspect: more effective and diplomatic coordination internationally.
- cultural aspect: propagates the use of English in economic transactions, diplomatic relations, and academic matters; dominating Western values and lifestyle


So, is globalization a boon or a bane? A blessing or a curse?